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John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson promoted a change in psychology through his address ''Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it'', which was given at Columbia University in 1913. Through his behaviorist approach, Watson conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising. In addition, he conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment. He was also editor of ''Psychological Review'' from 1910 to 1915. A ''Review of General Psychology'' survey, published in 2002, ranked Watson as the 17th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. ==Early life== Watson was born in Travelers Rest, South Carolina, to Pickens Butler and Emma K. (Roe) Watson.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 accessdate = August 7, 2012 )〕 His mother, Emma Watson, a very religious woman who adhered to prohibitions against drinking, smoking, and dancing, named Watson after a prominent Baptist minister in hopes that it would help him receive the call to preach the Gospel. In bringing him up, she subjected Watson to harsh religious training that later led him to develop a lifelong antipathy toward all forms of religion and to become an atheist.〔Buckley, Kerry W. ''Mechanical Man: John Broadus Watson and the Beginnings of Behaviorism.'' Guilford Press, 1989.〕〔Gregory A. Kimble, Michael Wertheimer, Charlotte White. (Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology ). Psychology Press, 2013, p. 175. "Watson's outspoken atheism repelled many in Greensville."〕〔Michael Martin. (The Cambridge Companion to Atheism ). Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 310. "Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including (...) John B. Watson (...)"〕 His alcoholic father left the family to live with two Indian women when Watson was 13 years old (a transgression which Watson never forgave).〔 In an attempt to escape poverty, Watson’s mother sold their farm and brought Watson to Greenville, South Carolina, to provide him a better opportunity for success.〔 Moving from an isolated, rural location to the large village of Greenville proved to be important for Watson by providing him the opportunity to experience a variety of different types of people, which he used to cultivate his theories on psychology. Watson understood that college was important to his success as an individual: "I know now that I can never amount to anything in the educational world unless I have better preparation at a real university."〔Buckley, Kerry W. Mechanical Man: John Broadus Watson and the Beginnings of Behaviorism. New York: Guilford, 1989. Print.〕 Despite his poor academic performance and having been arrested twice during high school (first for fighting with African Americans, then for discharging firearms within city limits),〔 Watson was able to use his mother's connections to gain admission to Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina. Watson considered himself to be a poor student. Others called him a quiet kid, lazy and insubordinate.〔 He struggled to make that transition from a rural to urban area, expressed through his weak social skills. A precocious student, he entered college at the age of 16 and left with a master's degree aged 21. Watson made his way through college with significant effort, succeeding in classes that other students simply failed. He held a few jobs on campus to pay for his college expenses. He continued to see himself as "unsocial" and made few friends. After graduating, he spent a year at "Batesburg Institute", the name he gave to a one-room school in Greenville. He was principal, janitor, and handyman for the entire school. After petitioning the President of the University of Chicago, Watson entered the university. His successful petition to the president of the University of Chicago was central to his ascent in the psychology world. He began studying philosophy under John Dewey on the recommendation of Furman professor, Gordon Moore.〔Hergenhahn, B. R. (1992). ''An introduction to the history of psychology''. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.〕 The combined influence of Dewey, James Rowland Angell, Henry Herbert Donaldson and Jacques Loeb led Watson to develop a highly descriptive, objective approach to the analysis of behavior that he would later call "behaviorism." 〔Fancher, R. E. (1990). ''Pioneers of Psychology.'' New York: W.W. Norton & Company.〕 In Watson’s college experience, he met professors and colleagues that would assist him on his journey to becoming a well-known psychologist. These peers played an important role in his success in developing psychology into a credible field of study and his understanding of behaviorism. To Watson, behaviorism was a declaration of faith. It was based on the idea that a methodology could transform psychology into a science. He wanted to make psychology more scientifically acceptable. Later, Watson became interested in the work of Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), and eventually included a highly simplified version of Pavlov's principles in his popular works.〔Bolles, R. C. (1993). ''The story of psychology: A thematic history.'' California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John B. Watson」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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